Linking land registers with beneficial ownership (BO) registers provides similar or greater understanding of BO networks than land-specific BO declaration regimes

Analysis suggests that strengthening existing land ownership registers and BO registers for legal vehicles, as well as improving their interoperability, may offer a more scalable and proportionate foundation for asset-level beneficial ownership transparency (BOT) than creating new, standalone land BO declaration regimes. At the same time, land BO registers can add value in specific contexts by revealing forms of control or benefit not visible from legal ownership alone.

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